Acute malignant colorectal obstruction (K56.6; C18, C19, C20), adults

1. Kaprin A.D., Starinsky V.V., Shakhzadova O.A. The state of oncological care for the population of Russia in 2020. Moscow: P.A. Herzen Moscow State Medical Research Institute branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “NMIRC” of the Ministry of Health of Russia; 2021. (in Russ.). doi: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

2. Marley AR, Nan H. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet. 2016;7(3):105–114. doi: 10.3109/9781420016307-2

3. Revishvili A.Sh., Olovyanny V.E., Sazhin V.P., et al. Surgical care in the Russian Federation. FSBI “NMIC of Surgery named after A.V. Vishnevsky” Ministry of Health of Russia; 2021. https://главный-хирург.рф/publication.html. (in Russ.).

4. Achkasov E.E., Alekperov S.F., Skoda A.S., et al. Classification of obstructive colonic obstruction of tumor genesis. Koloproktologia. 2009;3:17–23. (in Russ.).

5. Ohki T, Yoshida S, Yamamoto M, et al. Determining the difference in the efficacy and safety of self-expandable metallic stents as a bridge to surgery for obstructive colon cancer among patients in the CROSS 0 group and those in the CROSS 1 or 2 group: a pooled analysis of data from two Japanese prospective multicenter trials. Surg Today. 2020;50(9):984–994. doi: 10.1007/S00595-020-01970-3/TABLES/7

6. Azuhata T, Kinoshita K, Kawano D, et al. Time from admission to initiation of surgery for source control is a critical determinant of survival in patients with gastrointestinal perforation with associated septic shock. Crit Care. 2014;18(3). doi: 10.1186/cc13854

7. Pisano M, Zorcolo L, Merli C, et al. 2017 WSES guidelines on colon and rectal cancer emergencies: Obstruction and perforation. World J Emerg Surg. 2018;13(1). doi: 10.1186/s13017-018-0192-3

8. Pedersen T, Watt SK, Tolstrup MB, Gögenur I. 30-Day, 90-day and 1-year mortality after emergency colonic surgery. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2017;43(3):299–305. doi: 10.1007/S00068-016-0742-X

9. Yang XF, Pan K. Diagnosis and management of acute complications in patients with colon cancer: Bleeding, obstruction, and perforation. Chinese J Cancer Res. 2014;26(3):331–340. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2014.06.11

10. Horton KM, Abrams RA, Fishman EK. Spiral CT of colon cancer: Imaging features and role in management. Radiographics. 2000;20(2):419–430. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.20.2.g00mc14419

11. Ramanathan S, Ojili V, Vassa R, Nagar A. Large Bowel Obstruction in the Emergency Department: Imaging Spectrum of Common and Uncommon Causes. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2017;7(1). doi: 10.4103/jcis.JCIS_6_17

12. Mege D, Manceau G, Bridoux V, et al. Surgical management of obstructive left colon cancer at a national level: Results of a multicentre study of the French Surgical Association in 1500 patients. J Visc Surg. 2019;156(3):197–208. doi: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2018.11.008

13. Suri S, Gupta S, Sudhakar PJ, Venkataramu NK, Sood B, Wig JD. Comparative evaluation of plain films, ultrasound and CT in the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction. Acta radiol. 1999;40(4):422–428. doi: 10.3109/02841859909177758

14. Selina I.E., Podlovchenko T.G., Skvortsova A.V., et al. X-ray ultrasound diagnostics of obstructive obstruction of the colon. Koloproktologia. 2014;C1(47):69–74. Accessed August 29, 2022. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21240547 (in Russ.).

15. Catena F, De Simone B, Coccolini F, et al. Bowel obstruction: A narrative review for all physicians. World J Emerg Surg. 2019;14(1). doi: 10.1186/s13017-019-0240-7

16. Jacob SE, Lee SH, Hill J. The demise of the instant/unprepared contrast enema in large bowel obstruction. Colorectal Dis. 2008;10(7):729–731. doi: 10.1111/J.1463-1318.2007.01415.X

17. Chapman AH, McNamara M, Porter G. The acute contrast enema in suspected large bowel obstruction: Value and technique. Clin Radiol. 1992;46(4):273–278. doi: 10.1016/S0009-9260(05)80170-9

18. Lopez-Kostner F, Hool GR, Lavery IC. Management and causes of acute large bowel obstruction. Surg Clin North Am. 1997;77(6):1265–1290. doi: 10.1016/S0039-6109(05)70617-4

19. Harrison ME, Anderson MA, Appalaneni V, et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of patients with known and suspected colonic obstruction and pseudo-obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71(4):669–679. doi: 10.1016/J.GIE.2009.11.027

20. Costa G, Ruscelli P, Balducci G, et al. Clinical strategies for the management of intestinal obstruction and pseudo-obstruction. Ann Ital Chir. 2016;87(2):105–117. Accessed September 5, 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309119357_Clinical_strategies_for_the_management_of_intestinal_obstruction_and_pseudoobstruction

21. Sajid MS, Caswell J, Bhatti MI, et al. Carbon dioxide insufflation vs conventional air insufflation for colonoscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials. Color Dis. 2015;17(2):111–123. doi: 10.1111/codi.12837

22. Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically ill Adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):829–839. doi: 10.1056/NEJMOA1711584

23. Sawai R. Management of colonic obstruction: a review. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2012;25(4):200–203. doi: 10.1055/S-0032-1329533

24. Drinka PJ, Hanlon J. “Aspiration of gastric contents.” J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007;8(6):345–346. doi: 10.1016/J.JAMDA.2007.02.010

25. Tyagunov A.E., Tyagunov A.A., Nechai T.V., et al. Risk factors for death in acute adhesive small bowel obstruction. Results of a multicenter study. Surgery. The jurnal named after N.I. Pirogov. 2021;3:26–35. Accessed September 6, 2022. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44820324 (in Russ.).

26. Klek S, Forbes A, Gabe S, et al. Management of acute intestinal failure: A position paper from the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) Special Interest Group. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(6):1209–1218. doi: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2016.04.009

27. Weber DG, Bendinelli C, Balogh ZJ. Damage control surgery for abdominal emergencies. Br J Surg. 2014;101(1). doi: 10.1002/bjs.9360

28. Becher RD, Peitzman AB, Sperry JL, et al. Damage control operations in non-trauma patients: Defining criteria for the staged rapid source control laparotomy in emergency general surgery. World J Emerg Surg. 2016;11(1). doi: 10.1186/s13017-016-0067-4

29. Park SK, Shin SR, Hur M, et al. The effect of early goal-directed therapy for treatment of severe sepsis or septic shock: A systemic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care. 2017;38:115–122. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.10.019

30. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1368–1377. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa010307

31. Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(2):133–164. doi: 10.1086/649554

32. Mikamo H, Yuasa A, Wada K, et al. Optimal Treatment for Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Combined Therapy With Metronidazole. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(3). doi: 10.1093/OFID/OFW143

33. Mikamo H, Matsumizu M, Nakazuru Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of metronidazole injection for the treatment of infectious peritonitis, abdominal abscess and pelvic inflammatory diseases in Japan. J Infect Chemother. 2015;21(2):96–104. doi: 10.1016/J.JIAC.2014.10.005

34. Wille-Jørgensen P, Rasmussen MS, Andersen BR, et al. Heparins and mechanical methods for thromboprophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(4). doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd001217

35. Bokeria L.A., Zatevakhin I.I., Kiriyenko A.I. Russian clinical guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolic complications (VTEO). Phlebology. 2015;4(2):1–52. Accessed September 6, 2022. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=27718431 (in Russ.).

36. Muñoz Martín AJ, Gallardo Díaz E, García Escobar I, et al. SEOM clinical guideline of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cancer (2019). Clin Transl Oncol. 2020;22(2):171–186. doi: 10.1007/s12094-019-02263-z

37. Shabunin A.V., Bagatelia Z.A., Gugnin A.V. The results of the introduction of staged treatment of colorectal cancer complicated by obstructive intestinal obstruction into the standards of surgical care for cancer patients in Moscow. Koloproktologia. 2018;4(66):7–15. Accessed August 8, 2020. doi: 10.33878/2073-7556-2018-0-4-7-15 (in Russ.).

38. Amelung FJ, Burghgraef TA, Tanis PJ, et al. Critical appraisal of oncological safety of stent as bridge to surgery in left-sided obstructing colon cancer; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2018;131:66–75. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.08.003

39. Han SH, Lee JH. Colonic Stent-Related Complications and Their Management. Clin Endosc. 2014;47(5):415–419. doi: 10.5946/ce.2014.47.5.415

40. Sloothaak DAM, Van Den Berg MW, Dijkgraaf MGW, et al. Oncological outcome of malignant colonic obstruction in the Dutch Stent-In 2 trial. Br J Surg. 2014;101(13):1751–1757. doi: 10.1002/bjs.9645

41. Sabbagh C, Chatelain D, Trouillet N, et al. Does use of a metallic colon stent as a bridge to surgery modify the pathology data in patients with colonic obstruction? A case-matched study. Surg Endosc. 2013;27(10):3622–3631. doi: 10.1007/s00464-013-2934-3

42. Jain SR, Yaow CYL, Ng CH, et al. Comparison of colonic stents, stomas and resection for obstructive left colon cancer: a metaanalysis. Tech Coloproctol. 2020;24(11):1121–1136. doi: 10.1007/s10151-020-02296-5

43. Shimura T, Joh T. Evidence-based clinical management of acute malignant colorectal obstruction. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016;50(4):273–285. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000475

44. Van Hooft JE, Van Halsema EE, Vanbiervliet G, et al. Selfexpandable metal stents for obstructing colonic and extracolonic cancer: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy. 2014;46(11):990–1002. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1390700

45. Veld JV, Kumcu A, Amelung FJ, et al. Time interval between selfexpandable metal stent placement or creation of a decompressing stoma and elective resection of left-sided obstructive colon cancer. Endoscopy. 2021;53(9):905–913. doi: 10.1055/A-1308-1487

46. Van Halsema EE, Van Hooft JE, Small AJ, et al. Perforation in colorectal stenting: A meta-analysis and a search for risk factors. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;79(6). doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.11.038

47. Song HY, Kim JH, Kim KR, et al. Malignant rectal obstruction within 5 cm of the anal verge: is there a role for expandable metallic stent placement? Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68(4):713–720. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2007.12.051

48. Yamada T, Shimura T, Sakamoto E, et al. Preoperative drainage using a transanal tube enables elective laparoscopic colectomy for obstructive distal colorectal cancer. Endoscopy. 2013;45(4):265–271. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1326030

49. Sizonenko N.A., Surov D.A., Soloviev I.A. Application of the fast track concept in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer complicated by acute obstructive obstruction. Bulletin of the National Medical Surgeon. The Center named after N.I. Pirogov. 2018;2(13):62–67. Accessed September 6, 2022. https://www.gastroscan.ru/literature/authors/11034 (in Russ.).

50. Clinical guideline “Intestinal stoma in adults.” Published 2016. Accessed August 17, 2020. https://legalacts.ru/doc/klinicheskie-rekomendatsii-kishechnaja-stoma-u-vzroslykh-utv-minzdravom-rossii (in Russ.).

51. Nelson RL, Glenny AM, Song F. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001181.pub3

52. Kam MH, Tang CL, Chan E, et al. Systematic review of intraoperative colonic irrigation vs. manual decompression in obstructed leftsided colorectal emergencies. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009;24(9):1031–1037. doi: 10.1007/s00384-009-0723-1

53. Dong XW, Huang SL, Jiang ZH, et al. Nasointestinal tubes versus nasogastric tubes in the management of small-bowel obstruction: A meta-analysis. Med (United States). 2018;97(36). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012175

54. Amelung FJ, Mulder CLJ, Verheijen PM, et al. Acute resection versus bridge to surgery with diverting colostomy for patients with acute malignant left sided colonic obstruction: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Oncol. 2015;24(4):313–321. doi: 10.1016/j.suronc.2015.10.003

55. Lee BC, Yu CS, Kim J, et al. Clinicopathological features and surgical options for synchronous colorectal cancer. Med (United States). 2017;96(9). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006224

56. Chudner A, Gachabayov M, Dyatlov A, et al. The influence of diverting loop ileostomy vs. colostomy on postoperative morbidity in restorative anterior resection for rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg. 2019;404(2):129–139. doi: 10.1007/s00423-019-01758-1

57. Veld J V., Amelung FJ, Borstlap WAA, et al. Comparison of Decompressing Stoma vs Stent as a Bridge to Surgery for LeftSided Obstructive Colon Cancer. JAMA Surg. 2020;155(3):206–215. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2019.5466

58. Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CAM, Nagtegaal ID, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(9):638–646. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa010580

59. Uehara K, Nagino M. Neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer: a systematic review. Surg Today. 2016;46(2):161–168. doi: 10.1007/s00595-015-1218-z

60. Tewari SO, Getrajdman GI, Petre EN, et al. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous cecostomy/colostomy for treatment of large bowel obstruction in adults with cancer. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;26(2):182–188. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.09.022

61. Öistämö E, Hjern F, Blomqvist L, et al. Emergency management with resection versus proximal stoma or stent treatment and planned resection in malignant left-sided colon obstruction. World J Surg Oncol. 2016;14(1). doi: 10.1186/s12957-016-0994-2

62. Spannenburg L, Sanchez Gonzalez M, Brooks A, et al. Surgical outcomes of colonic stents as a bridge to surgery versus emergency surgery for malignant colorectal obstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of high quality prospective and randomised controlled trials. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2020;46(8):1404–1414. doi: 10.1016/J.EJSO.2020.04.052

63. Gavriilidis P, de’Angelis N, Wheeler J, et al. Diversion, resection, or stenting as a bridge to surgery for acute neoplastic left-sided colonic obstruction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of studies with curative intent. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2021;103(4):235–244. doi: 10.1308/RCSANN.2020.7137

64. Foo CC, Poon SHT, Chiu RHY, et al. Is bridge to surgery stenting a safe alternative to emergency surgery in malignant colonic obstruction: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(1):293–302. doi: 10.1007/S00464-018-6487-3

65. Jain SR, Yaow CYL, Ng CH, et al. Comparison of colonic stents, stomas and resection for obstructive left colon cancer: a metaanalysis. Tech Coloproctol. 2020;24(11):1121–1136. doi: 10.1007/S10151-020-02296-5

66. Bergamini C, Giordano A, Maltinti G, et al. Obstructive left side colon cancer: time for a tailored operative approach? Minerva Chir. 2020;75(4):244–254. doi: 10.23736/S0026-4733.20.08299-1

67. Tanis PJ, Paulino Pereira NR, Van Hooft JE, et al. Resection of Obstructive Left-Sided Colon Cancer at a National Level: A Prospective Analysis of Short-Term Outcomes in 1,816 Patients. Dig Surg. 2015;32(5):317–324. doi: 10.1159/000433561

68. Hsu CW, Wang JH, Kung YH, et al. What is the predictor of surgical mortality in adult colorectal perforation? The clinical characteristics and results of a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Surg Today. 2017;47(6):683–689. doi: 10.1007/s00595-016-1415-4

69. Bakker IS, Snijders HS, Grossmann I, et al. High mortality rates after nonelective colon cancer resection: results of a national audit. Color Dis. 2016;18(6):612–621. doi: 10.1111/codi.13262

70. Battersby N, Bhangu A, Chaudhri S, et al. Relationship between method of anastomosis and anastomotic failure after right hemicolectomy and ileo-caecal resection: an international snapshot audit. Color Dis. 2017;19(8):e296–e311. doi: 10.1111/codi.13646

71. van Ommeren–Olijve SJ, Burbach JPM, Furnée EJB, et al. Risk factors for non-closure of an intended temporary defunctioning stoma after emergency resection of left-sided obstructive colon cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. Published online 2020. doi: 10.1007/s00384-020-03559-1

72. Winner M, Mooney SJ, Hershman DL, et al. Management and outcomes of bowel obstruction in patients with stage IV colon cancer: A population-based cohort study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56(7):834–843. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0b013e318294ed6b

73. Cousins SE, Tempest E, Feuer DJ. Surgery for the resolution of symptoms in malignant bowel obstruction in advanced gynaecological and gastrointestinal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(3). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002764.pub2

74. Harji DP, Vallance A, Selgimann J, et al. A systematic analysis highlighting deficiencies in reported outcomes for patients with stage IV colorectal cancer undergoing palliative resection of the primary tumour. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2018;44(10):1469–1478. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2018.06.012

75. Fiori E, Lamazza A, Schillaci A, et al. Palliative management for patients with subacute obstruction and stage IV unresectable rectosigmoid cancer: colostomy versus endoscopic stenting: final results of a prospective randomized trial. Am J Surg. 2012;204:321–326. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.11.013

76. Ribeiro I, Bernardo W, Martins B, et al. Colonic stent versus emergency surgery as treatment of malignant colonic obstruction in the palliative setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open. 2018;06(05):E558–E567. doi: 10.1055/a-0591-2883

77. Pickard C, Thomas R, Robertson I, et al. Ostomy Creation for Palliative Care of Patients With Nonresectable Colorectal Cancer and Bowel Obstruction. J wound, ostomy, Cont Nurs Off Publ Wound, Ostomy Cont Nurses Soc. 2018;45(3):239–241. doi: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000424

78. Basse L, Raskov HH, Hjort Jakobsen D, et al. Accelerated postoperative recovery programme after colonic resection improves physical performance, pulmonary function and body composition. Br J Surg. 2002;89:446–453. doi: 10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.02044.x

79. Block BM, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, et al. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis. Jama. 2003;290:2455–2463. doi: 10.1001/jama.290.18.2455

80. Cook TM, Counsell D, Wildsmith JA. Major complications of central neuraxial block: report on the Third National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102:179–190. doi: 10.1093/bja/aen360

81. Uchida I, Asoh T, Shirasaka C, et al. Effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative insulin resistance as evaluated by insulin clamp technique. Br J Surg. 1988;75:557–562.

82. Moya P, Soriano-Irigaray L, Ramirez JM, et al. Perioperative Standard Oral Nutrition Supplements Versus Immunonutrition in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Resection in an Enhanced Recovery (ERAS) Protocol: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial (SONVI Study). Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(21). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003704

83. Bozzetti F. Nutritional support in oncologic patients: where we are and where we are going. Clin Nutr. 2011;30(6):714–717. doi: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2011.06.011

84. Shavaliev R.F., Minnullin M.M., Zefirov R.A. et al. Clinical efficacy of saline enteral solution in the complex therapy of various forms of acute pancreatitis. Creative surgery and oncology. 2020;9(4):254–260. doi: 10.24060/2076-3093-2019-9-4-254-260 (in Russ.).

85. Aro R, Ohtonen P, Rautio T, et al. Perioperative oral nutritional support for patients diagnosed with primary colon adenocarcinoma undergoing radical surgical procedures -Peri-Nutri Trial: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Nutr. 2022;8(1). doi: 10.1186/s40795-022-00591-y

86. Smedley F, Bowling T, James M, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of preoperative and postoperative oral nutritional supplements on clinical course and cost of care. Br J Surg. 2004;91:983–990. doi: 10.1002/bjs.4578

87. Zaouter C, Kaneva P, Carli F. Less urinary tract infection by earlier removal of bladder catheter in surgical patients receiving thoracic epidural analgesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:542–548.

88. Nygren J, Soop M, Thorell A, et al. An enhanced-recovery protocol improves outcome after colorectal resection already during the first year: a single-center experience in 168 consecutive patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52:978–985. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e31819f1416

89. Clinical guideline. Malignant neoplasms of the colon and rectosigmoid. 2020. Rubricator of clinical guideline. https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/schema/396_3 (in Russ.).

90. Clinical guideline. Rectal cancer. 2020. Rubricator of clinical recommendations. https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/554_3 (in Russ.).

91. Sargent D, Sobrero A, Grothey A, et al. Evidence for cure by adjuvant therapy in colon cancer: observations based on individual patient data from 20,898 patients on 18 randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:872–877. doi: 10.1200/jco.2008.19.5362

92. Seo SI, Lim SB, Yoon YS, et al. Comparison of recurrence patterns between </= 5 years and > 5 years after curative operations in colorectal cancer patients. J Surg Oncol. 2013;108:9–13. doi: 10.1002/jso.23349

93. Rex DK, Kahi CJ, Levin B, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection: a consensus update by the American Cancer Society and US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006;56:160–166.

94. Liu L, Lemmens VE, De Hingh IH, et al. Second primary cancers in subsites of colon and rectum in patients with previous colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56:158–168. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0b013e318279eb30

95. Desch CE, Benson 3rd AB, Somerfield MR, et al. Colorectal cancer surveillance: 2005 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:8512–8519. doi: 10.1200/jco.2005.04.0063

96. Biondo S, Parés D, Frago R, et al. Large bowel obstruction: predictive factors for postoperative mortality. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47(11):1889–1897. Accessed May 22, 2017. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15622582

97. Shchaeva S.N., Achkasov S.I. Evaluation of the radicality of emergency surgical interventions in patients with complicated colorectal cancer. Koloproktologia. 2017;2(60):30–35. (in Russ.). doi: 10.33878/2073-7556-2017-0-2-30-35