<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gnck</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Колопроктология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Koloproktologia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7556</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7303</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Association of Coloproctology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33878/2073-7556-2025-24-3-137-148</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gnck-2052</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Опыт применения методики активного динамического наблюдения пациентов с раком прямой кишки с полным клиническим ответом после пролонгированной химиолучевой терапии с консолидирующей химиотерапией</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Active surveillance program of patients with rectal cancer with a complete clinical response after prolonged chemoradiotherapy with consolidating chemotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5961-2958</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Невольских</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nevolskikh</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Невольских Алексей Алексеевич — д.м.н., заместитель директора по лечебной работе МРНЦ имени А.Ф. Цыба — филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России.</p><p>ул. Маршала Жукова, д. 10, Калужская область, Обнинск, 249031</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey A. Nevolskikh.</p><p>Marshal Zhukov st., 10, Obninsk, 249031</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nevol@mrrc.obninsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2678-016X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеенко</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeenko</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авдеенко Виолетта Андреевна — клинический ординатор МРНЦ имени А.Ф. Цыба — филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России.</p><p>ул. Маршала Жукова, д. 10, Калужская область, Обнинск, 249031</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Violetta A. Avdeenko.</p><p>Marshal Zhukov st., 10, Obninsk, 249031</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">avdeenko.vita@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3549-4499</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Березовская</surname><given-names>Т. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berezovskaya</surname><given-names>T. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Березовская Татьяна Павловна — д.м.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник отделения лучевой диагностики МРНЦ имени А.Ф. Цыба — филиала ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России.</p><p>ул. Маршала Жукова, д. 10, Калужская область, Обнинск, 249031</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana P. Berezovskaya.</p><p>Marshal Zhukov st., 10, Obninsk, 249031</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9243-6519</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Почуев</surname><given-names>Т. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pochuev</surname><given-names>T. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Почуев Тарас Петрович — к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник отделения лучевого и хирургического лечения заболеваний абдоминальной области МРНЦ имени А.Ф. Цыба — филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России.</p><p>ул. Маршала Жукова, д. 10, Калужская область, Обнинск, 249031</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Taras P. Pochuev.</p><p>Marshal Zhukov st., 10, Obninsk, 249031</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дайнеко</surname><given-names>Я. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Daineko</surname><given-names>Ya. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дайнеко Яна Александровна — врач-рентгенолог отделения лучевой диагностики МРНЦ имени А.Ф. Цыба — филиала ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России.</p><p>ул. Маршала Жукова, д. 10, Калужская область, Обнинск, 249031</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yana A. Daineko.</p><p>Marshal Zhukov st., 10, Obninsk, 249031</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9449-2135</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михалёва</surname><given-names>Ю. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhaleva</surname><given-names>Yu. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михалёва Юлия Юрьевна — врач-онколог отделения лучевого и хирургического лечения заболеваний абдоминальной области МРНЦ имени А.Ф. Цыба — филиала ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России.</p><p>ул. Маршала Жукова, д. 10, Калужская область, Обнинск, 249031</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia Yu. Mikhaleva.</p><p>Marshal Zhukov st., 10, Obninsk, 249031</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мялина</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Myalina</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мялина София Анатольевна — врач-рентгенолог отделения лучевой диагностики МРНЦ имени А.Ф. Цыба — филиала ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России.</p><p>ул. Маршала Жукова, д. 10, Калужская область, Обнинск, 249031</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sofia A. Myalina.</p><p>Marshal Zhukov st., 10, Obninsk, 249031</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синяев</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinyaev</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Синяев Петр Валентинович — заведующий отделением эндоскопии МРНЦ имени А.Ф. Цыба — филиала ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России.</p><p>ул. Маршала Жукова, д. 10, Калужская область, Обнинск, 249031</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petr V. Sinyaev.</p><p>Marshal Zhukov st., 10, Obninsk, 249031</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7689-6032</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванов Сергей Анатольевич — д.м.н., член-корреспондент РАН, директор МРНЦ имени А.Ф. Цыба — филиала ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России; профессор кафедры онкологии и рентгенорадиологии им. В.П. Харченко медицинского института РУДН.</p><p>ул. Маршала Жукова, д. 10, Калужская область, Обнинск, 249031; ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6, Москва, 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey A. Ivanov.</p><p>Marshal Zhukov st., 10, Obninsk, 249031; Miklukho-Maklaya st., 6, Moscow, 117198</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8784-8415</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каприн</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaprin</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каприн Андрей Дмитриевич — д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН, академик РАО, член Президиума РАН, член Президиума РАО, Заслуженный врач России, генеральный директор ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России; заведующий кафедрой онкологии и рентгенорадиологии им. В.П. Харченко медицинского института РУДН.</p><p>2-й Боткинский проезд, д. 3, Москва, 125284; ул. Королева, д. 4, Калужская область, Обнинск, 249036; ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6, Москва, 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey D. Kaprin.</p><p>2nd Botkinsky proezd, 3, Moscow, 125284; Korolev st., 4, Kaluga region, Obninsk, 249036; Miklukho-Maklaya st., 6, Moscow, 117198</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба — филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre — Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба — филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre — Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба — филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России; ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre — Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, RUDN University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена — филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России; ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России; ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Р. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute — Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, RUDN University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>137</fpage><lpage>148</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Невольских А.А., Авдеенко В.А., Березовская Т.П., Почуев Т.П., Дайнеко Я.А., Михалёва Ю.Ю., Мялина С.А., Синяев П.В., Иванов С.А., Каприн А.Д., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Невольских А.А., Авдеенко В.А., Березовская Т.П., Почуев Т.П., Дайнеко Я.А., Михалёва Ю.Ю., Мялина С.А., Синяев П.В., Иванов С.А., Каприн А.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nevolskikh A.A., Avdeenko V.A., Berezovskaya T.P., Pochuev T.P., Daineko Y.A., Mikhaleva Y.Y., Myalina S.A., Sinyaev P.V., Ivanov S.A., Kaprin A.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ruproctology.com/jour/article/view/2052">https://www.ruproctology.com/jour/article/view/2052</self-uri><abstract><p>Современное лечение рака нижне- и среднеампулярного отделов прямой кишки (РПК) предполагает проведение неоадъювантной терапии, направленной не только на уменьшение размеров опухоли, но и на достижение полного клинического ответа (cCR) с дальнейшим применением тактики активного динамического наблюдения (АДН).</p><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ: определение алгоритма отбора пациентов, включаемых в программу АДН, после пролонгированной химиолучевой терапии (ХЛТ) с консолидирующей химиотерапией (КХТ).</p></sec><sec><title>ПАЦИЕНТЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>ПАЦИЕНТЫ И МЕТОДЫ: были отобраны пациенты с аденокарциномами нижне- и среднеампулярного отделов прямой кишки, проходившие лечение в 2017–2024 гг., у которых после ХЛТ с КХТ был установлен cCR и принято решение проводить АДН. Лучевую терапию проводили в пролонгированном режиме в дозе 50–55 Гр на фоне перорального приема капецитабина. В интервале между завершением ХЛТ и первым контрольным обследованием проводили 4 цикла КХТ в режиме FOLFOX6. Оценку клинической регрессии опухоли проводили через 4 недели после завершения КХТ по совокупности данных эндоскопического, пальцевого исследования и МРТ. Под cCR понимали случаи, при которых при эндоскопическом лечении, выполненном после завершения ХЛТ и КХТ, на месте ранее определявшейся опухоли имелись признаки плоского белого/красного рубца.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: в исследование было включено 27 пациентов (мужчины — 15 (55,6%), женщин — 12 (44,4%)). Возраст пациентов варьировался от 38 до 80 лет (медиана — 63 года). Медиана расстояния от анального края до нижнего полюса опухоли составила 4,5 (2,0–9,5) см. У большинства — 18/27 (66,7%) пациентов имелась III клиническая стадия заболевания, при этом размер опухоли в наибольшем измерении находился в диапазоне от 2,4 до 6,5 см (медиана — 4,0 см). Медиана интервала между завершением ХЛТ и контрольным обследованием составила 16 (9–25) недель. При МРТ органов малого таза TRG1 установлена у 13/27 (48,1%) пациентов, TRG2 — также у 13/27 (48,1%) и у одной пациентки — муцинозная опухоль, не подлежащая стандартной TRG оценке. МР-картина у всех пациентов, отобранных для АДН, характеризовалась фиброзированием ложа опухоли без признаков остаточной опухолевой ткани/пораженных лимфоузлов в мезоректальной клетчатке и глубоких слоях стенки, при этом встречались как тонкие, так и полнослойные и расщепленные фиброзные рубцы, протяженностью до половины окружности. Все пациенты, достигшие сСR, имели первичную опухоль с категорией до cТ3b включительно. При медиане наблюдения 14,7 (3,8–80,2) месяцев повторный рост опухоли установлен у 2/27 (7,4%) пациентов, обоим были выполнены радикальные хирургические вмешательства. Трехлетняя безрецидивная выживаемость составила 81,1 ± 10,1%, общая — 95,2 ± 4,6%.</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: применение программы АДН после ХЛТ должно базироваться на тщательном отборе пациентов, достигших сСR по данным комплексного обследования. Целесообразно начинать обследование с выполнения МРТ с последующим эндоскопическим исследованием, что позволяет избежать артефактов при МРТ, возникающих после эндоскопического исследования. Ведущую роль в оценке внутрипросветного компонента опухоли играет эндоскопическое исследование.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM: to determine the algorithm for selecting patients included in the ASP program after prolonged chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with consolidation chemotherapy (CCT).</p></sec><sec><title>PATIENTS AND METHODS</title><p>PATIENTS AND METHODS: the retrospective study included patients with adenocarcinoma of the low and middle rectum (2017 to 2024), who achieved cCR after CRT with CCT, which led to the decision to implement ASP. Radiotherapy was administered in a prolonged mode at a dose of 50–55 Gy with oral capecitabine intake. Between the completion of CRT and the first follow-up examination, 4 cycles of CCT were done in the FOLFOX6 regimen. Clinical tumor regression was assessed 4 weeks after the completion of CCT, based on the data from endoscopy, digital examination, and MRI. cCR was understood to refer to cases where, during endoscopic treatment performed after CRT and CCT at the site of the previously determined tumor, there were signs of a flat white/red scar.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS: the study included 27 patients (15 (55.6%) men, 12 (44.4%) women). The patients' age ranged from 38 to 80 years (median 63 years). The median distance from the anal verge to the lower edge of the tumor was 4.5 (2.0–9.5) cm. Most patients had clinical stage III disease — 18/27 (66.7%), while the tumor size in the largest dimension ranged from 2.4 to 6.5 cm (median 4.0 cm). The median interval between the completion of CRT and the follow-up examination was 16 (9–25) weeks. MRI of the pelvic organs revealed TRG1 in 13/27 (48.1%) patients, TRG2 also in 13/27 (48.1%) and in one patient (3.7%) has a mucinous tumor that is not subject to standard TRG assessment. The MRI findings of all patients selected for ASP was characterized by fibrosis of the tumor bed without signs of residual tumor tissue/affected lymph nodes in the mesorectal tissue and deep layers of the wall, while both thin and full-thickness and split fibrous scars present, extending up to half the circumference. All patients who achieved cCR had a primary tumor of category up to T3b inclusive. With a median follow-up of 14.7 (3.8–80.2) months, tumor regrowth was observed in 2/27 patients (7.4%), both of whom underwent radical surgeries. Three-year relapse-free survival rate was 81.1 ± 10.1%, while overall survival 95.2 ± 4.6%.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS: the implementation of an ASP program after CRT should be based on careful selection of patients who have achieved cCR according to comprehensive check-up. It is advisable to begin the examination with MRI followed by endoscopy, as this approach provides all necessary information and avoids artifacts in MRI that may arise after endoscopy. Endoscopy plays a leading role in assessing the intraluminal tumor component, with the only manifestation of cCR being a flat white or red scar.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак прямой кишки</kwd><kwd>полный клинический ответ</kwd><kwd>методика активного динамического наблюдения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rectal cancer</kwd><kwd>complete clinical response</kwd><kwd>watch and wait</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cerdan-Santacruz C, Cano-Valderrama O, Santos Rancaño R, et al. Long-term oncologic outcomes and risk factors for distant recurrence after pathologic complete response following neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer. A nationwide, multicentre study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2023;49(10):106962. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2023.06.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cerdan-Santacruz C, Cano-Valderrama O, Santos Rancaño R, et al. Long-term oncologic outcomes and risk factors for distant recurrence after pathologic complete response following neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer. A nationwide, multicentre study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2023;49(10):106962. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2023.06.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dattani M, Heald RJ, Goussous G, et al. Oncological and Survival Outcomes in Watch and Wait Patients With a Clinical Complete Response After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis. Ann Surg. 2018;268(6):955–967. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002761</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dattani M, Heald RJ, Goussous G, et al. Oncological and Survival Outcomes in Watch and Wait Patients With a Clinical Complete Response After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis. Ann Surg. 2018;268(6):955–967. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002761</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van der Valk MJM, Hilling DE, Bastiaannet E, et al. IWWD Consortium. Long-term outcomes of clinical complete responders after neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer in the International Watch &amp; Wait Database (IWWD): an international multicentre registry study. Lancet. 2018;391(10139):2537–2545. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31078-X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van der Valk MJM, Hilling DE, Bastiaannet E, et al. IWWD Consortium. Long-term outcomes of clinical complete responders after neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer in the International Watch &amp; Wait Database (IWWD): an international multicentre registry study. Lancet. 2018;391(10139):2537–2545. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31078-X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Temmink SJD, Peeters KCMJ, Bahadoer RR, et al. International Watch &amp; Wait Database (IWWD) Consortium. Watch and wait after neoadjuvant treatment in rectal cancer: comparison of outcomes in patients with and without a complete response at first reassessment in the International Watch &amp; Wait Database (IWWD). Br J Surg. 2023;110(6):676–684. doi: 10.1093/bjs/znad051</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Temmink SJD, Peeters KCMJ, Bahadoer RR, et al. International Watch &amp; Wait Database (IWWD) Consortium. Watch and wait after neoadjuvant treatment in rectal cancer: comparison of outcomes in patients with and without a complete response at first reassessment in the International Watch &amp; Wait Database (IWWD). Br J Surg. 2023;110(6):676–684. doi: 10.1093/bjs/znad051</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rectal cancer. Clinical recommendations. Рак прямой кишки. Клинические рекомендации. Министерство Здравоохранения Российской Федерации. [Электронный ресурс]. Рубрикатор клинических рекомендаций. URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/schema/396_</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. Rubricator of clinical recommendations. (In Russ.). URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/schema/396_3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith JJ, Strombom P, Chow OS, et al. Assessment of a watch-and-wait strategy for rectal cancer in patients with a complete response after neoadjuvant therapy. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(4):e185896. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5896</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith JJ, Strombom P, Chow OS, et al. Assessment of a watch-and-wait strategy for rectal cancer in patients with a complete response after neoadjuvant therapy. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(4):e185896. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5896</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Julião GP, Fernandez LM, Vailati BB, et al. Local Regrowth and the Risk of Distant Metastases Among Patients Undergoing Watch-and-Wait for Rectal Cancer: What Is the Best Control Group? Multicenter Retrospective Study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024;67(1):73–81. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000002930</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Julião GP, Fernandez LM, Vailati BB, et al. Local Regrowth and the Risk of Distant Metastases Among Patients Undergoing Watch-and-Wait for Rectal Cancer: What Is the Best Control Group? Multicenter Retrospective Study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024;67(1):73–81. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000002930</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Habr-Gama A, Perez RO, Nadalin W, et al. Operative versus nonoperative treatment for stage 0 distal rectal cancer following chemoradiation therapy: long-term results. Ann Surg. 2004;240(4):711–7. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000141194.27992.32</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Habr-Gama A, Perez RO, Nadalin W, et al. Operative versus nonoperative treatment for stage 0 distal rectal cancer following chemoradiation therapy: long-term results. Ann Surg. 2004;240(4):711–7. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000141194.27992.32</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maas M, Lambregts DM, Nelemans PJ, et al. Assessment of clinical complete response after chemoradiation for rectal cancer with digital rectal examination, endoscopy, and MRI: selection for organ-saving treatment. Ann Surg.2015;22(12):3873–80. doi: 10.1245/s10434-015-4687-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maas M, Lambregts DM, Nelemans PJ, et al. Assessment of clinical complete response after chemoradiation for rectal cancer with digital rectal examination, endoscopy, and MRI: selection for organ-saving treatment. Ann Surg.2015;22(12):3873–80. doi: 10.1245/s10434-015-4687-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Custers PA, Beets GL, Bach SP, et al. An international expert-based consensus on the definition of a clinical near-complete response after neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024;67(6):782–795. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000003209</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Custers PA, Beets GL, Bach SP, et al. An international expert-based consensus on the definition of a clinical near-complete response after neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024;67(6):782–795. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000003209</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maas M, Tielbeek JAW, Stoker J. Staging of Anal Cancer: Role of MR Imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2020;28(1):127–140. doi: 10.1016/j.mric.2019.09.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maas M, Tielbeek JAW, Stoker J. Staging of Anal Cancer: Role of MR Imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2020;28(1):127–140. doi: 10.1016/j.mric.2019.09.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fokas E, Appelt A, Glynne-Jones R., et al. International consensus recommendations on key outcome measures for organ preservation after (chemo)radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021;18:805–816. doi: 10.1038/s41571-021-00538-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fokas E, Appelt A, Glynne-Jones R., et al. International consensus recommendations on key outcome measures for organ preservation after (chemo)radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021;18:805–816. doi: 10.1038/s41571-021-00538-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Невольских А.А., Авдеенко В.А., Зибиров Р.Ф., и соавт. Химиолучевая терапия в комбинированном лечении больных раком прямой кишки — опыт МРНЦ. Вопросы онкологии. 2025;71(1):163–174. doi: 10.37469/0507-3758-2025-71-1-163-174</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nevolskikh A.A., Avdeenko V.A., Zibirov R.F. et al. Chemoradiotherapy in the combined treatment of patients with rectal cancer — the experience of the MRSC. Voprosyonkologii = Problems in oncology. 2025;71(1):163–174. (In Russ.). doi: 10.37469/0507-3758-2025-71-1-163-174</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcia-Aguilar J, Patil S, Gollub MJ, et al. Organ Preservation in Patients With Rectal Adenocarcinoma Treated With Total Neoadjuvant Therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(23):2546–2556. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.00032</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcia-Aguilar J, Patil S, Gollub MJ, et al. Organ Preservation in Patients With Rectal Adenocarcinoma Treated With Total Neoadjuvant Therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(23):2546–2556. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.00032</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афанасьев С.Г, Добродеев А.Ю., Августинович А.А., и соавт. Органосохраняющее лечение рака нижнеампулярного отдела прямой кишки. Вопросы онкологии. 2019;65(6):850–854. doi: 10.37469/0507-3758-2019-65-6-850-854</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afanasyev S.G., Dobrodeev A. Yu., Avgustinovich, A.A. et al. Organ saving treatment of low rectal cancer. Voprosyonkologii = Problems in oncology. 2019;65(6):850–854. (In Russ.). doi: 10.37469/0507-3758-2019-65-6-850-854</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Медведников А.А., Радостев С.И., Шелехов А.В., и соавт. Тактика ведения больных раком прямой кишки с полным клиническим ответом после химиолучевой терапии. Сибирский онкологический журнал. 2025;24(1):110–114. doi: 10.21294/1814-4861-2025-24-1-110-114</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medvednikov А.А., Radostev S.I., Shelekhov А.V., et al. Management strategy for rectal cancer patients with complete clinical response after chemoradiotherapy. Siberian Journal of Oncology. 2025;24(1):110–114. (In Russ.). doi: 10.21294/1814-4861-2025-24-1-110-114</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gollub MJ, Das JP, Bates D, et al. Rectal cancer with complete endoscopic response after neoadjuvant therapy: What is the meaning of a positive MRI? Eur Radiol. 2021;31:4731–4738. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07657-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gollub MJ, Das JP, Bates D, et al. Rectal cancer with complete endoscopic response after neoadjuvant therapy: What is the meaning of a positive MRI? Eur Radiol. 2021;31:4731–4738. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07657-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wnorowski AM, Menias CO, Pickhardt PJ, et al. Mucin-containing rectal carcinomas: Overview of unique clinical and imaging features. Am J Roentgenol. 2019;13:26–34. doi: 10.2214/AJR.18.20864</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wnorowski AM, Menias CO, Pickhardt PJ, et al. Mucin-containing rectal carcinomas: Overview of unique clinical and imaging features. Am J Roentgenol. 2019;13:26–34. doi: 10.2214/AJR.18.20864</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Almeida RR, Souza D, Matalon SA, et al. Rectal MRI after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy: a pictorial guide to interpretation. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2021;46(7):3044–3057. doi: 10.1007/s00261-021-03007-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Almeida RR, Souza D, Matalon SA, et al. Rectal MRI after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy: a pictorial guide to interpretation. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2021;46(7):3044–3057. doi: 10.1007/s00261-021-03007-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sclafani F, Brown G, Gunningham D, et al. Comparison between MRI and pathology in the assessment of tumour regression grade in rectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2017;117:1478–1485. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2017.320</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sclafani F, Brown G, Gunningham D, et al. Comparison between MRI and pathology in the assessment of tumour regression grade in rectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2017;117:1478–1485. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2017.320</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martens MH, Maas M, Heijnen LA, et al. Long-term Outcome of an Organ Preservation Program After Neoadjuvant Treatment for Rectal Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108(12):djw171. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djw171</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martens MH, Maas M, Heijnen LA, et al. Long-term Outcome of an Organ Preservation Program After Neoadjuvant Treatment for Rectal Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108(12):djw171. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djw171</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lambregts DMJ, Pizzi AD, Lahaye MJ, et al. A pattern-based approach combining tumor morphology on MRI with distinct signal patterns on diffusion-weighted imaging to assess response of rectal tumors after chemoradiotherapy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2018;61:328–337. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000915</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lambregts DMJ, Pizzi AD, Lahaye MJ, et al. A pattern-based approach combining tumor morphology on MRI with distinct signal patterns on diffusion-weighted imaging to assess response of rectal tumors after chemoradiotherapy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2018;61:328–337. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000915</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santiago I, Barata M, Figueiredo N, et al. The split scar sign as an indicator of sustained complete response after neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer. EurRadiol. 2019;30(1):224–238. doi: 10.1007/s00330-019-06348-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santiago I, Barata M, Figueiredo N, et al. The split scar sign as an indicator of sustained complete response after neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer. EurRadiol. 2019;30(1):224–238. doi: 10.1007/s00330-019-06348-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hupkens B, Maas M, Martens M, et al. Organ preservation in rectal cancer after chemoradiation: should we extend the observation period in patients with a clinical near-complete response? Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25(1):197–203. doi: 10.1245/s10434-017-6213-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hupkens B, Maas M, Martens M, et al. Organ preservation in rectal cancer after chemoradiation: should we extend the observation period in patients with a clinical near-complete response? Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25(1):197–203. doi: 10.1245/s10434-017-6213-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
