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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gnck</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Колопроктология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Koloproktologia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7556</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7303</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Association of Coloproctology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33878/2073-7556-2024-23-3-112-125</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gnck-1933</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Статус генов RAS/BRAF у пациентов с колоректальным раком (обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The RAS/BRAF genes status in patients with colorectal cancer (review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6322-7016</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казаченко</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazachenko</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Александровна Казаченко, студентка I года обучения магистратуры «Прикладной анализ данных в медицинской сфере», аспирант I года обучения</p><p>141701; Институтский пер., д. 9; Московская область; Долгопрудный; 119991; Ломоносовский пр-т, д. 27, корп. 1; Москва</p><p>тел.: +7 (926) 972-19-22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Kazachenko</p><p>141700; Institutskiy lane, 9; Dolgoprudny, 119991; Leninskie Gory st., 1; Moscow</p><p>tel.: +7 (926) 972-19-22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ekaterina.k.97@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-7651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шубин</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shubin</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виталий Павлович Шубин, к. б. н., старший научный сотрудник</p><p>123423; ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2; Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitaly P. Shubin</p><p>123423; Salyama Adilya st., 2; Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shwit@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2043-495X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Отставнов</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Otstanov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Станислав Сергеевич Отставнов, к. э. н., заведующий лабораторией</p><p>141701; Институтский пер., д. 9, с. 7; Московская область; Долгопрудный</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stanislav S. Otstanov</p><p>141700; Institutskiy lane, 9; Dolgoprudny; Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">otstavnov.ss@mipt.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8571-7462</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цуканов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsukanov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Сергеевич Цуканов, д. м. н., главный научный сотрудник</p><p>отдел лабораторной генетики</p><p>123423; ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2; Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey S. Tsukanov</p><p>123423; Salyama Adilya st., 2; Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Tsukanov81@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3399-0608</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хомяков</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khomyakov</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгений Александрович Хомяков, к. м. н., научный сотрудник, ассистент</p><p>кафедра колопроктологии</p><p>123423; ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2; 125993; ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1; Москва </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny A. Khomyakov</p><p>123423; Salyama Adilya st., 2; 125993; Barrikadnaya st., 2/1, bld. 1; Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evgeniy.khomyakov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр дополнительного профессионального и онлайн-образования «ПУСК» МФТИ; ФФМ МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center for additional professional and online education “PUSK”, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT, PhysTech);  M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Lomonosov MSU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ колопроктологии имени А.Н. Рыжих» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ryzhikh National Medical Research Center of Coloproctology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Лаборатория анализа показателей здоровья населения и цифровизации здравоохранения ФБМФ МФТИ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Laboratory for the Analysis of public Health indicators and Digitalization of Healthcare, Phystech school of biological and medical physics of Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT, PhysTech)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ колопроктологии имени А.Н. Рыжих» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ДПО РМАНПО Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ryzhikh National Medical Research Center of Coloproctology; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>125</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Казаченко Е.А., Шубин В.П., Отставнов С.С., Цуканов А.С., Хомяков Е.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Казаченко Е.А., Шубин В.П., Отставнов С.С., Цуканов А.С., Хомяков Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kazachenko E.A., Shubin V.P., Otstanov S.S., Tsukanov A.S., Khomyakov E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ruproctology.com/jour/article/view/1933">https://www.ruproctology.com/jour/article/view/1933</self-uri><abstract><p>   Колоректальный рак (КРР) занимает третье место по распространенности среди онкологических заболеваний в мире и второе место в структуре онкологической смертности. Генетическая оценка рака толстой кишки является необходимым условием на этапе выбора дальнейшего лечения пациентов. В литературе можно найти множество исследований, которые демонстрируют разнообразную картину распределения драйверных мутаций в генах семейства RAS и гене BRAF при КРР. В данной работе был выполнен критический обзор литературы с целью систематизировать данные об оценке мутационного профиля и генетической гетерогенности мутаций генов KRAS, NRAS, BRAF у пациентов с КРР в России. Поиск статей проводился в русскоязычных и англоязычных открытых базах данных. В результате было проанализировано 17 российских исследований и 3 англоязычных метаанализа для сравнения с российскими данными. Мутации в генах KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, по данным российских и международных исследований, встречаются у пациентов с КРР с частотой около 40 %, 4 % и 7 %, соответственно. Частота встречаемости и конкретная локализация мутаций может зависеть от географического положения и национальности изучаемой когорты. Высокая межопухолевая и внутриопухолевая гетерогенность КРР, особенно по мутациям гена KRAS, оказывает значимое влияние на выбор дальнейшей терапии и подчеркивает необходимость более детального изучения мутационного профиля первичной опухоли, пораженных лимфатических узлов и отдаленных очагов метастазирования. В России для определения соматических мутаций при КРР используется несколько молекулярно-генетических методов c различными показателями чувствительности и специфичности, самым распространенным из них является метод ПЦР в реальном времени. Более точными методами диагностики признаны цифровая капельная ПЦР, секвенирование по методу Сэнгера и секвенирование нового поколения, однако каждый из методов обладает своими ограничениями, которые необходимо учитывать при планировании диагностики и исследований. Одним из перспективных направлений в области персонализированной онкологии является изучение вариации числа копий генов, который в дальнейшем может способствовать развитию новых методов лечения КРР. Несмотря на большое количество исследований, некоторые аспекты мутационного профиля КРР в российских исследованиях все еще остаются малоизученными, в связи с чем требуются дальнейшие исследованияпациентов с раком толстой кишки в России.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third in prevalence among oncological diseases worldwide and second in the structure of oncological mortality. Genetic assessment of CRC is a necessary stage during selecting further treatment for patients. Many studies demonstrate a diverse distribution of mutations in the KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes in CRC. A critical literature review was conducted in order to systematize data on the mutational profile and genetic heterogeneity of these driver mutations in Russian patients with CRC. Articles were searched for in open databases. Totally 17 Russian studies and 3 English meta-analyses were analyzed for comparison with Russian data. Mutations in the KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes, according to Russian and international studies, are found in 40 %, 4 %, and 7 % in CRC patients, respectively. The frequency and specific localization of mutations may depend on the geographical location and nationality of the cohort. High intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity in CRC, especially in KRAS gene mutations, significantly influences the choice of further therapy and underscores the need for more detailed study of the mutational profile of the primary tumor, affected lymph nodes, and distant metastases. In Russia, several molecular genetic methods are used to determine somatic mutations in CRC with different sensitivity and specificity, the most common is real-time PCR. More accurate diagnostic methods include digital droplet PCR, Sanger sequencing, and next-generation sequencing, but each method has its limitations that must be considered when planning diagnostics and research. The promising directions in personalized oncology is the study of gene copy number variations, which may contribute to the development of new methods for treating CRC in the future. Despite the large number of studies, some aspects of the mutational profile of CRC in Russian studies remain poorly understood, which is why further research is needed on patients with colorectal cancer in Russia.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>колоректальный рак</kwd><kwd>мутационный профиль</kwd><kwd>гетерогенность</kwd><kwd>KRAS</kwd><kwd>BRAF</kwd><kwd>NRAS</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Colorectal cancer</kwd><kwd>mutation profile</kwd><kwd>heterogeneity</kwd><kwd>KRAS</kwd><kwd>BRAF</kwd><kwd>NRAS</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660 Epub 2021 Feb 4. 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