<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gnck</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Колопроктология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Koloproktologia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7556</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7303</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Association of Coloproctology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33878/2073-7556-2023-22-1-99-107</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gnck-1778</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Предикторы гормональной зависимости и резистентности у больных язвенным колитом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Predictors of steroid dependence and resistance in patients with ulcerative colitis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2323-1883</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тишаева</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tishaeva</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тишаева Ирина Алексеевна — младший научный сотрудник отдела по изучению воспалительных и функциональных заболеваний кишечника </p><p>ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2, г. Москва, 123423, </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina A. Tishaeva</p><p>SalyamaAdilya str., 2, Moscow, 123423</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">polikarpova-e@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7250-0977</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Князев</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Knyazev</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Князев Олег Владимирович — доктор медицинских наук, заведующий отделением воспалительных заболеваний кишечника </p><p>ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2, г. Москва, 123423, </p><p>ш. Энтузиастов, д. 84/1, корп. 4, Москва, 111123</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg V. Knyazev  </p><p>SalyamaAdilya str., 2, Moscow, 123423, sh. Enthusiasts, 84/1- 4, Moscow, 111123</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2013-8798</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баранова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baranova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Баранова Татьяна Алексеевна — врач-гастроэнтеролог отдела по изучению воспалительных и функциональных заболеваний кишечника </p><p>ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2, г. Москва, 123423, </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana A. Baranova  </p><p>SalyamaAdilya str., 2, Moscow, 123423</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5694-1051</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подольская</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Podolskaya</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Подольская Дарья Владимировна — врач-гастроэнтеролог консультативной поликлиники </p><p>ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2, г. Москва, 123423, </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Darya V. Podolskaya  </p><p>SalyamaAdilya str., 2, Moscow, 123423</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8803-7566</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александров</surname><given-names>Т. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alexandrov</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александров Тимофей Леонидович — младший научный сотрудник отдела по изучению воспалительных и функциональных заболеваний кишечника </p><p>ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2, г. Москва, 123423, </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Timofei L. Alexandrov  </p><p>SalyamaAdilya str., 2, Moscow, 123423</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1697-4670</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нанаева</surname><given-names>Б. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nanaeva</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нанаева Бэлла Александровна — кандидат медицинских наук, заведующая гастроэнтерологическим отделением </p><p>ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2, г. Москва, 123423, </p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bella A. Nanaeva</p><p>SalyamaAdilya str., 2, Moscow, 123423</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ колопроктологии имени А.Н. Рыжих» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ryzhikh National Medical Research Center of Coloproctology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ колопроктологии имени А.Н. Рыжих» Минздрава России;&#13;
ГБУЗ «Московский клинический научно-практический центр им. А.С. Логинова» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ryzhikh National Medical Research Center of Coloproctology;&#13;
Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>107</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тишаева И.А., Князев О.В., Баранова Т.А., Подольская Д.В., Александров Т.Л., Нанаева Б.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тишаева И.А., Князев О.В., Баранова Т.А., Подольская Д.В., Александров Т.Л., Нанаева Б.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tishaeva I.A., Knyazev O.V., Baranova T.A., Podolskaya D.V., Alexandrov T.L., Nanaeva B.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ruproctology.com/jour/article/view/1778">https://www.ruproctology.com/jour/article/view/1778</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ: выявление предикторов гормональной зависимости (ГЗ) и гормональной резистентности (ГР) у пациентов с язвенным колитом (ЯК).</p></sec><sec><title>ПАЦИЕНТЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>ПАЦИЕНТЫ И МЕТОДЫ: проведено ретроспективное исследование, проанализированы истории болезни 1105 пациентов, проходивших стационарное лечение в ФГБУ НМИЦ колопроктологии им. А. Н. Рыжих с 2018 по 2021 гг. Из них 69% пациентов (n=762) получали системную гормональную терапию по поводу ЯК. В соответствии с критериями включения и невключения для дальнейшего статистического анализа отобрана медицинская документация 170 пациентов. В зависимости от гормонального статуса пациентов было выделено три группы: 1-ая группа (n=56) с ГЗ, 2-ая группа (n=56) с ГР и 3-ья группа - контрольная (n=58), кому назначалась системная терапия ГКС без дальнейшего развития ГЗ и ГР.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: частота развития ГЗ составила 23,4% (n=259), а ГР - 15,2% (n=168). Выявлены следующие предикторы и факторы риска ГЗ: возраст дебюта заболевания &lt; 30 лет (AOR=0,960, 95%ДИ= 0,928-0,993, p=0,019), стартовая доза преднизолона &lt;60 мг (AOR=2,369, 95%ДИ= 1,030-5,441, p=0,042), назначение ≥2 курсов системной гормональной терапии в течение года (AOR=2,988, 95%ДИ= 1,349-6,619, p=0,007), индекс Мейо &lt;10 баллов (AOR=0,631, 95%ДИ=0,492-0,809, p&lt;0,001). При оценке риска развития ГР установлена статистическая значимость при индексе Мейо ≥10 баллов (AOR=2,573, 95%ДИ=1,094-6,050, p=0,030), уровне альбумина &lt;37,1 г/л (AOR=4,571, 95%ДИ=1,567-13,330, p=0,005), СРБ ≥47,1 мг/л (AOR=2,641, 95%ДИ=1,102-6,328, p=0,029).</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: у пациентов с ЯК рационально прогнозировать индивидуальный ответ на ГКС. При высоком риске развития ГЗ и ГР целесообразно рассматривать раннее назначение генно-инженерной биологической и таргетной терапии, избегая повторного применения ГКС.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM: detection of steroid dependence and steroid resistance predictors in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC).</p></sec><sec><title>PATIENTS AND METHODS</title><p>PATIENTS AND METHODS: a retrospective study was conducted. The medical documentation of 1105 patients, who underwent inpatient treatment in Ryzhikh National Medical Research Center of Coloproctology from 2018 to 2021, were analyzed. 69% of patients (n=762) received systemic steroid therapy for UC. In accordance with inclusion and non-inclusion criteria, the medical documentation of 170 patients was selected for statistical analysis. Depending on the steroid status of patients, three groups were identified: group 1 (n=56) with steroid dependence, group 2 (n=56) with steroid resistance and group 3 - control (n=58), who were prescribed systemic GCS without the further development of steroid dependence and resistance.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS: the incidence of steroid dependence was 23.4% (n=259), and steroid resistance was 15.2% (n=168). We identified the following predictors and risk factors of steroid dependence: age of the disease onset &lt;30 y.o. (AOR=0,960, 95%CI= 0,928-0,993, p=0,019), start dose of prednisolone &lt;60 mg (AOR=2,369, 95%ДИ= 1,030-5,441, p=0,042), prescription of systemic GCS ≥2 courses per year (AOR=2,988, 95%ДИ= 1,349-6,619, p=0,007), Mayo Index Score &lt;10 (AOR=0,631, 95%ДИ=0,492-0,809, p&lt;0,001). The risk of steroid resistance statistically significant when Mayo Index Score ≥10 (AOR=2,573, 95%ДИ=1,094-6,050, p=0,030), albumin level &lt;37,1 g/l (AOR=4,571, 95%ДИ=1,567-13,330, p=0,005), CRP ≥47,1 mg/l (AOR=2,641, 95%ДИ=1,102-6,328, p=0,029).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>CONCLUSION: it is rational to predict an individual response to GCS in patients with UC. With a high risk of developing steroid dependence and steroid resistance, it is advisable to consider early appointment of biological and target therapy, avoiding represcription of GCS.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>язвенный колит</kwd><kwd>гормональная зависимость</kwd><kwd>гормональная резистентность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ulcerative colitis</kwd><kwd>steroid dependence</kwd><kwd>steroid resistance</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative сolitis; final report on a therapeutic trial. British medical journal. 1955;2(4947):1041–8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4947.1041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative сolitis; final report on a therapeutic trial. British medical journal. 1955;2(4947):1041–8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4947.1041</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fumery M, Singh S, Dulai PS, et al. Natural History of Adult Ulcerative Colitis in Population-based Cohorts: A Systematic Review. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2018;16(3):343–356.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.06.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fumery M, Singh S, Dulai PS, et al. Natural History of Adult Ulcerative Colitis in Population-based Cohorts: A Systematic Review. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2018;16(3):343–356.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.06.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, et al. ACG clinical guideline: ulcerative colitis in adults. American Journal of Gastroenterology.2019;114:384–413. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000152</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, et al. ACG clinical guideline: ulcerative colitis in adults. American Journal of Gastroenterology.2019;114:384–413. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000152</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raine T, Bonovas S, Burisch J, et al. ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Ulcerative Colitis: Medical Treatment. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2022;16(1):2–17. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab178</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raine T, Bonovas S, Burisch J, et al. ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Ulcerative Colitis: Medical Treatment. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2022;16(1):2–17. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab178</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т., Шелыгин Ю.А., Белоусова Е.А., и соавт. Проект клинических рекомендаций по диагностике и лечению язвенного колита. Колопроктология. 2019;18(4):7–36. doi: 10.33878/2073-7556-2019-18-4-7-36</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V.T., Sheligin Yu.A., Khalif I.L., et al. Project: Clinical guidelines for the diagnostics and treatment of ulcerative colitis. Koloproktologia. 2019;18(4):7–36. (in Russ.). doi: 10.33878/2073-7556-2019-18-4-7-36</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Князев О.В., Белоусова Е.А., Абдулганиева Д.И., и соавт. Реальная практика лекарственной терапии среднетяжелых и тяжелых форм воспалительных заболеваний кишечника в России, Республике Беларусь и Республике Казахстан. Промежуточные результаты исследования INTENT. Альманах клинической медицины. 2021;49(7):443–454. doi: 10.18786/2072-0505-2021-49-061</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knyazev O.V., Belousova E.A., Abdulganieva D.I., et al. Real world practice of medical treatment for moderate and severe inflammatory bowel diseases in Russian Federation, Republic of Belarus and Republic of Kazakhstan: intermediate results of the INTENT study. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2021;49(7):443–454. (in Russ.). doi: 10.18786/2072-0505-2021-49-061</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Халиф И.Л., Нанаева Б.А., Головенко А.О., и соавт. Отдаленные результаты консервативного лечения больных с тяжелым обострением язвенного колита. Терапевтический архив. 2015;87(2):34– 38. doi: 10.17116/terarkh201587234-38</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalif I.L., Nanaeva B.A., Golovenko A.O., et al. Long-term results of conservative treatment of patients with severe exacerbation of ulcerative colitis. Terapevticheskii Arhiv. 2015;87(2):34–38. (in Russ.). doi: 10.17116/terarkh201587234-38</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоусова Е.А., Абдулганиева Д.И., Алексеева О.П., и соавт. Социально-демографическая характеристика, особенности течения и варианты лечения воспалительных заболеваний кишечника в России. Результаты двух многоцентровых исследований. Альманах клинической медицины. 2018;46(5):445–463. doi: 10.18786/2072-0505-2018-46-5-445-463</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belousova E.A., Abdulganieva D.I., Alexeeva O.P., et al. Social and demographic characteristics, features of disease course and treatment options of inflammatory bowel disease in Russia: results of two multicenter studies. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2018;46(5):445– 463. (in Russ.). doi: 10.18786/2072-0505-2018-46-5-445-463</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta V, Mohsen W, Chapman TP, et al. Predicting Outcome in Acute Severe Colitis-Controversies in Clinical Practice in 2021. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2021;15(7):1211–1221. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa265</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta V, Mohsen W, Chapman TP, et al. Predicting Outcome in Acute Severe Colitis-Controversies in Clinical Practice in 2021. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2021;15(7):1211–1221. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa265</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Travis SP, Farrant JM, Ricketts C, et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1996;38:905–10. doi: 10.1136/gut.38.6.905</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Travis SP, Farrant JM, Ricketts C, et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1996;38:905–10. doi: 10.1136/gut.38.6.905</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindgren SC, Flood LM, Kilander AF, et al. Early predictors of glucocorticosteroid treatment failure in severe and moderately severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. European Journal of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 1998;10:831–5. doi: 10.1097/00042737-199810000-00003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindgren SC, Flood LM, Kilander AF, et al. Early predictors of glucocorticosteroid treatment failure in severe and moderately severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. European Journal of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 1998;10:831–5. doi: 10.1097/00042737-199810000-00003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grant RK, Jones GR, Plevris N, et al. The ACE [Albumin, CRP and Endoscopy] index in acute colitis: a simple clinical index on admission that predicts outcome in patients with acute ulcerative colitis. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2021;27(4):451–457. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izaa088</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grant RK, Jones GR, Plevris N, et al. The ACE [Albumin, CRP and Endoscopy] index in acute colitis: a simple clinical index on admission that predicts outcome in patients with acute ulcerative colitis. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2021;27(4):451–457. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izaa088</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ho GT, Mowat C, Goddard CJ, et al. Predicting the outcome of severe ulcerative colitis: development of a novel risk score to aid early selection of patients for second-line medical therapy or surgery. Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 2004;19:1079–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01945.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ho GT, Mowat C, Goddard CJ, et al. Predicting the outcome of severe ulcerative colitis: development of a novel risk score to aid early selection of patients for second-line medical therapy or surgery. Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 2004;19:1079–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01945.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skrzypczak-Zielinska M, Gabryel M, Marszalek D, et al. NGS study of glucocorticoid response genes in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Archives of Medical Science. 2019;17(2):417–433. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2019.84470</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skrzypczak-Zielinska M, Gabryel M, Marszalek D, et al. NGS study of glucocorticoid response genes in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Archives of Medical Science. 2019;17(2):417–433. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2019.84470</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Y, Cui W, Li X, et al. Interaction between commensal bacteria, immune response and the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;12:761981. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761981</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Y, Cui W, Li X, et al. Interaction between commensal bacteria, immune response and the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;12:761981. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761981</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Болотова Е.В., Юмукян К.А., Дудникова А.В. Современные представления о механизмах развития и предикторах тяжести язвенного колита. Доктор.Ру. 2022;21(2):34–39. doi: 10.31550/1727-2378-2022-21-2-34-39</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolotova E.V., Yumukyan K.A., Dudnikova A.V. Modern Idea of the Mechanisms of Development and Predictors of Ulcerative Colitis Severity. Doctor.Ru. 2022;21(2):34–39. (in Russ.). doi: 10.31550/1727-2378-2022-21-2-34-39</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Койнова И.А., Белобородова Е.В., Бурковская В.А., с соавт. Особенности клинического течения воспалительных заболеваний кишечника во взаимосвязи с факторами внешней и внутренней среды. Практическая медицина. 2020;18(4):75–81. doi: 10.32000/2072-1757-2020-4-75-81</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koynova I.A., Beloborodova E.V., Burkovskaya V.A., et al. Features of clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease in connection with external and internal environment factors. Practical medicine. 2020;18(4):75–81. (in Russ.). doi: 10.32000/2072-1757-2020-4-75-81</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харитонов А.Г., Щукина О.Б., Кондрашина Э.А. Гормональная резистентность при воспалительных заболеваниях кишечника. Альманах клинической медицины. 2016;44(6):734–743. doi: 10.18786/2072-0505-2016-44-6-734-743</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haritonov A.G., Shcukina O.B., Kondrashina E.A. Steroid resistance in inflammatory bowel disease. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2016;44(6):734–743. (in Russ.). doi: 10.18786/2072-0505-2016-44-6-734-743</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеева О.П., Криштопенко С.В., Алексеева А.А. Использование зависимости «доза — эффект» для подбора оптимальных доз системных кортикостероидов в лечении воспалительных заболеваний кишечника. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2020;30(5):18–25. doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2020-30-5-18-25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva O.P., Krishtopenko S.V., Alekseeva A.A. Using DoseEffect Relationship for Optimising Systemic Corticosteroid Dosage in Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Russian Journal ofGastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2020;30(5):18–25. (in Russ.). doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2020-30-5-18-25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinisch W, Reinink AR, Higgins PD. Factors Associated With Poor Outcomes in Adults With Newly Diagnosed Ulcerative Colitis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015 Apr;13(4):635–42. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.03.037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinisch W, Reinink AR, Higgins PD. Factors Associated With Poor Outcomes in Adults With Newly Diagnosed Ulcerative Colitis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015 Apr;13(4):635–42. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.03.037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feuerstein JD, Isaacs KL, Schneider Y, et al; AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology. 2020 Apr;158(5):1450–61. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feuerstein JD, Isaacs KL, Schneider Y, et al; AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology. 2020 Apr;158(5):1450–61. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dias CC, Rodrigues PP, da CostaPereira A, et al. Clinical predictors of colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2015 Feb;9(2):156–63. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jju016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dias CC, Rodrigues PP, da CostaPereira A, et al. Clinical predictors of colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2015 Feb;9(2):156–63. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jju016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абдулганиева Д.И., Бакулев А.Л., Белоусова Е.А., и соавт. Раннее назначение генно-инженерных биологических препаратов при иммуновоспалительных заболеваниях: возможности и перспективы. Позиция экспертов. Современная ревматология. 2020;14(3):7–18. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2020-3-7-18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdulganieva D.I., Bakulev A.L., Belousova E.A., et al. Early prescription of biological agents for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: opportunities and prospects. An expert’s opinion. Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2020;14(3):7–18. (in Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2020-3-7-18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ачкасов С.И., Шапина М.В., Веселов В.В., и соавт. Предикторы колэктомии у пациентов со сверхтяжелым язвенным колитом. Колопроктология. 2020;19(3):37–48. doi: 10.33878/2073-7556-2020-19-3-37-48</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Achkasov S.I., Shapina M.V., Veselov V.V., et al. Predictors of colectomy in patients with «extremely severe» ulcerative colitis. Koloproktologia. 2020;19(3):37–48. (in Russ.). doi: 10.33878/2073-7556-2020-19-3-37-48</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
