<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gnck</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Колопроктология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Koloproktologia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7556</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7303</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Association of Coloproctology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33878/2073-7556-2020-19-3-26-36</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gnck-1564</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЦИТОМЕГАЛОВИРУСНАЯ ИНФЕКЦИЯ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ СО СРЕДНЕТЯЖЕЛОЙ И ТЯЖЕЛОЙ АТАКАМИ ЯЗВЕННОГО КОЛИТА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH MODERATE AND SEVERE ULCERATIVE COLITIS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александров</surname><given-names>Т. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleksandrov</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александров Тимофей Леонидович</p><p>ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2, г. Москва, 123423тел.: +7 (917) 518-82-94 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Timofey L. Aleksandrov</p><p>Salyama Adilya str., 2, Moscow, 123423tel.: +7 (917) 518-82-94 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexandrov_tl@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шапина</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shapina</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2, г. Москва, 123423</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Shapina</p><p>Salyama Adilya str., 2, Moscow, 123423</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кистенева</surname><given-names>Л. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kisteneva</surname><given-names>L. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, г. Москва, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lidia B. Kisteneva</p><p>Gamaleya str., 18, Moscow, 123098</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сухина</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sukhina</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2, г. Москва, 123423</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina A. Sukhina</p><p>Salyama Adilya str., 2, Moscow, 123423</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2, г. Москва, 123423</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey N. Kuznetsov</p><p>Salyama Adilya str., 2, Moscow, 123423</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ колопроктологии имени А.Н. Рыжих» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ryzhikh National Medical Research Center of Coloproctology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НИЦЭМ имени почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России, НИИ вирусологии имени Д.И. Ивановского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ivanovsky Institute of Virology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Александров Т.Л., Шапина М.В., Кистенева Л.Б., Сухина М.А., Кузнецов А.Н., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Александров Т.Л., Шапина М.В., Кистенева Л.Б., Сухина М.А., Кузнецов А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Aleksandrov T.L., Shapina M.V., Kisteneva L.B., Sukhina M.A., Kuznetsov A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ruproctology.com/jour/article/view/1564">https://www.ruproctology.com/jour/article/view/1564</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ: определение частоты и оценка значимости диагностики и лечения сопутствующей цитомегаловирусной инфекции (ЦМВИ) у пациентов со среднетяжелой и тяжелой атаками язвенного колита (ЯК), а также определение частоты колэктомий в зависимости от наличия ЦМВИ и от проводимой терапии.</p></sec><sec><title>ПАЦИЕНТЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>ПАЦИЕНТЫ И МЕТОДЫ: в исследование включено 67 пациентов с тяжелой или среднетяжелой атакой язвенного колита. Всем пациентам было проведено эндоскопическое исследование толстой кишки с взятием биоптатов слизистой для определения в них ДНК цитомегаловируса методом полимеразной цепной реакции. Пациенты, у которых не был обнаружен вирус (группа ЦМВ-отр), получали терапию согласно текущим клиническим рекомендациям. Пациенты, у которых был обнаружен вирус (группа ЦМВ-пол), дополнительно к стандартной терапии получали противовирусную терапию ганцикловиром. У последних вирусная нагрузка в биоптатах из толстой кишки оценивалась до лечения и на 19-21 день терапии. В случае ухудшения состояния пациента и невозможности дальнейшего проведения консервативного лечения выполнялась колэктомия. Успех проводимой терапии в обеих группах оценивали по доле проведенных колэктомий в течение госпитализации.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: в нашем исследовании частота ассоциации тяжелой и среднетяжелой атак язвенного колита с цитомегаловирусной инфекцией составила 43,2%. Предшествующая терапия не влияла на частоту обнаружения вируса. В группе ЦМВ-пол острые атаки встречались достоверно чаще, чем в группе ЦМВ-отр (20% и 2,6%, соответственно) (р=0,02).Эффективность противовирусной терапии в нашем исследовании составила 69%. Ни один из пациентов, ответивших на противовирусную терапию, не был оперирован. Неудача противовирусной терапии у пациентов с ассоциированной цитомегаловирусной инфекцией достоверно увеличивала частоту операций (0 – у пациентов, ответивших на противовирусную терапию, против 22,2% из не ответивших).</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: исследование показало, что в 43% случаев тяжелая и среднетяжелая атаки ЯК проходят на фоне персистирующей ЦМВИ. ЦМВИ является фактором резистентности к проводимому консервативному лечению. Добавление таким пациентам специфической противовирусной терапии улучшает непосредственные результаты лечения и прогноз.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM: to determine the incidence of accompanying cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) in patients with moderate and severe ulcerative colitis, and also to determine the value of diagnosis and treatment of this infection in that category of patients.</p></sec><sec><title>PATIENTS AND METHODS</title><p>PATIENTS AND METHODS: the study included 67 patients with severe or moderate ulcerative colitis. The colonoscopy with biopsy with definition of cytomegalovirus DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done in all the patients. The patients without virus (CMV negative group) received therapy according to the current clinical recommendations. The patients with virus (CMV positive group) had antiviral therapy by ganciclovir in addition to the standard therapy. The viral load in colonic biopsy of those patients was evaluated before the treatment and on the 19-21 st therapy days. In case of patient state deterioration and inability to continue the conservative treatment, colectomy was done. The success of therapy in both groups was assessed by the colectomy rate during hospitalization.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS: the incidence of severe and moderate ulcerative colitis combination with cytomegalovirus infection was 43.2%. The previous treatment did not influence on the probability of virus detection. Acute attacks of ulcerative colitis were found significantly more often in the CMV-positive group than in the CMV-negative group (20% vs 2.6%, respectively) (р=0.02). The efficacy of the antiviral therapy was 69%. All the patients who responded to the antiviral therapy did not undergo surgery. Failure of the antiviral therapy in the patients with associated cytomegalovirus infection significantly increased the colectomy rate (0 – in the patients who responded to the antiviral therapy vs. 22.2% of those who did not respond).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>CONCLUSION: the study showed 43% of cases moderate and ulcerative colitis goes with CMVI persistence. CMVI is the resistance factor for conservative treatment. The specific antiviral therapy in addition to the conservative treatment for this category of patients ameliorates the treatment results and prognosis.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цитомегаловирусная инфекция</kwd><kwd>ЦМВ</kwd><kwd>ЦМВИ</kwd><kwd>воспалительные заболевания кишечника</kwd><kwd>ВЗК</kwd><kwd>язвенный колит</kwd><kwd>ЯК</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cytomegalovirus infection</kwd><kwd>CMVI</kwd><kwd>inflammatory bowel disease</kwd><kwd>IBD</kwd><kwd>ulcerative colitis</kwd><kwd>UC</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т., Шелыгин Ю.А., Халиф, И.Л. и соавт. Проект клинических рекомендаций по диагностике и лечению язвенного колита. Колопроктология. 2019; т. 18, № 4, с. 7-36. DOI: 10.33878/2073-7556-2019-18-4-7-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V.T., Sheligin Yu.A., Khalif I.L. et al. Project: Cinical guidelines for the diagnostics and treatment of ulcerative colitis. Koloproktologia. 2019; v. 18, no 4, pp. 7-36. (in Russ). DOI: 10.33878/2073-7556-2019-18-4-7-36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жукова Л.И., Лебедев В.В., Гордин В.Н. и соавт. Острая цитомегаловирусная инфекция у взрослых не ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов. Инфекционные болезни. 2013; т. 11, № 1, с. 37-43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukova L.I., Lebedev V.N., Gorodin V.N. et al. Acute cytomegalovirus infection in adults not HIV-infected patients. Infekcionnie bolezni. 2013; v. 11, no. 1, pp. 37-43. (in Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cotte L, Drouet E, Bissuel F. et al. Diagnostic value of amplification of human cytomegalovirus DNA from gastrointestinal biopsies from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31(8):2066-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cotte L, Drouet E, Bissuel F, et al. Diagnostic value of amplification of human cytomegalovirus DNA from gastrointestinal biopsies from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Aug;31(8):2066-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Руководство по вирусологии. Вирусы и вирусные инфекции человека и животных. /под редакцией Д.К. Львова – Москва, 2013; 1197 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guide to Virology. Viruses and viral infections of humans and animals. / edited by D.K. Lvov – Moscow, 2013; 1197 p. (in Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ciccocioppo R, Racca F, Scudeller L, et al. Differential cellular localization of Epstein-Barr virus and human cytomegalovirus sin the colonic mucosa of patients with active or quiescent inflammatory bowel disease. Immunol Res. 2016;64(1):191-203.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ciccocioppo R, Racca F, Scudeller L, et al. Differential cellular localization of Epstein-Barr virus and human cytomegalovirus sin the colonic mucosa of patients with active or quiescent inflammatory bowel disease. Immunol Res. 2016;64(1):191-203.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аглямова Т.А., Хаертынова И.М., Нугманов Р.Т. и соавт. Популяционные аспекты эпидемиологии герпесвирусных инфекций в крупном промышленном городе. Практическая медицина. 2017; № 4(105), с. 56-62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aglyamova T.A., Haertinova I.M., Nugmanov T.R. et al. Population aspects of the epidemiology of herpesvirus infections in a large industrial city. Prakticheskaya medicina. 2017; no. 4(105), pp. 56-62. (in Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ford AC, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Opportunistic infections with antinecrosis factor-α therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(8):1268-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ford AC, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Opportunistic infections with antinecrosis factor-α therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(8):1268-76. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodgame RW. Gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus disease. Ann Intern Med. 1993 1;119(9):924-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodgame RW. Gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus disease. Ann Intern Med. 1993 1;119(9):924-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iida T, Ikeya K, Watanabe F, Abe J. et al. Looking for endoscopic features of cytomegalovirus colitis: a study of 187 patients with active ulcerative colitis, positive and negative for cytomegalovirus. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(6):1156-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iida T, Ikeya K, Watanabe F, Abe J. et al. Looking for endoscopic features of cytomegalovirus colitis: a study of 187 patients with active ulcerative colitis, positive and negative for cytomegalovirus. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(6):1156-63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nowacki TM, Bettenworth D, Meister T, et al. Novel score predicts risk for cytomegalovirus infection in ulcerative colitis. J Clin Virol. 2018;105:103-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nowacki TM, Bettenworth D, Meister T, et al. Novel score predicts risk for cytomegalovirus infection in ulcerative colitis. J ClinVirol. 2018;105:103-108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson J, Affolter K, Boynton K. et al. CMV Disease in IBD: Comparison of Diagnostic Tests and Correlation with Disease Outcome. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(7):1539-1546.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson J, Affolter K, Boynton K. et al. CMV Disease in IBD: Comparison of Diagnostic Tests and Correlation with Disease Outcome. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(7):1539-1546.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCoy MH, Post K, Sen JD, et al. qPCR increases sensitivity to detect cytomegalovirus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of gastrointestinal biopsies. Hum Pathol 2014;45(1):48-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCoy MH, Post K, Sen JD, et al. qPCR increases sensitivity to detect cytomegalovirus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of gastrointestinal biopsies. Hum Pathol 2014;45(1):48-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pfau P, Kochman ML, Furth EE. еt al Cytomegalovirus colitis complicating ulcerative colitis in the steroid-naïve patient. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(3):895-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pfau P, Kochman ML, Furth EE. еt al Cytomegalovirus colitis complicating ulcerative colitis in the steroid-naïve patient. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(3):895-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim JW, Boo SJ, Ye BD. et al. Clinical utility of cytomegalovirus antigenemia assay and blood cytomegalovirus DNA PCR for cytomegaloviral colitis patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. J Crhons Colitis. 2014;8(7):693-701.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim JW, Boo SJ, Ye BD. et al. Clinical utility of cytomegalovirus antigenemia assay and blood cytomegalovirus DNA PCR for cytomegaloviral colitis patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. J Crhons Colitis. 2014;8(7):693-701.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y, Xu H, Xu T, et al. Case-Control Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with and without Clostridium difficile Infection and Poor Outcomes in Patients Coinfected with C. difficile and Cytomegalovirus. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(11):3074-3083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y, Xu H, Xu T, et al. Case-Control Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with and without Clostridium difficile Infection and Poor Outcomes in Patients Coinfected with C. difficile and Cytomegalovirus. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(11):3074-3083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rowan C, Judge C, Cannon MD et al. Severe Symptomatic Primary CMV Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with Low Population Seroprevalence. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2018;28;2018:1029401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rowan C, Judge C, Cannon MD et al. Severe Symptomatic Primary CMV Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with Low Population Seroprevalence. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2018;28;2018:1029401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsuchido Y, Nagao M, Matsuura M et al. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of endoscopic biopsies for diagnosing CMV gastrointestinal disease in non-HIV immunocompromised patients: a diagnostic accuracy study. Matsuura Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37(12):2389-2396.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsuchido Y, Nagao M, Matsuura M et al. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of endoscopic biopsies for diagnosing CMV gastrointestinal disease in non-HIV immunocompromised patients: a diagnostic accuracy study. Matsuura Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37(12):2389-2396.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malhi NS, Bhasin DK, Gupta NM et al. Exacerbation of ulcerative colitis by cytomegalovirus infection in an immunocompetent Indian patient. Trop Gastroenterol. 2002;23(2):88-90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malhi NS, Bhasin DK, Gupta NM et al. Exacerbation of ulcerative colitis by cytomegalovirus infection in an immunocompetent Indian patient. Trop Gastroenterol. 2002;23(2):88-90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM. Coated Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid Therapy for midly to moderate active ulcerative colitis. A randomized study. N Engl J Med, 1987;317(26):1625-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM. Coated Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid Therapy for midly to moderate active ulcerative colitis. A randomized study. N Engl J Med, 1987;317(26):1625-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fajfr M, Stepánová V. Cytomegalovirus and its relationship to chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and tumors. Klin Mikrobiol Infekc Lek. 2013;19(3):103-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fajfr M, Stepánová V. Cytomegalovirus and its relationship to chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and tumors. Klin Mikrobiol Infekc Lek. 2013;19(3):103-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
